Engineering Thermodynamics

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Upon completion of the module, students can:
- elucidate the core thermodynamic concepts such as energy, internal energy, entropy and exergy.
- discriminate between temperature and heat as well as state and path variables.
- interpret the various terms in the general integral form of the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy, including convective transport and unsteady effects.
- invoke appropriate approximations in order to derive simplified conservation laws for special systems from the general formulations.
- identify different forms of work as they appear in a variety of thermodynamic systems in order to set up fully specified balances for total/ internal/ mechanical energy.
- describe simple quantitative state changes of ideal gases using the thermal and caloric equations of state.
- determine state changes involving phase changes of pure substances using steam tables.
- calculate state changes of incompressible liquids and solids with constant material properties.
- apply the conservation laws in order to determine work and heat transferred in simple processes.
- name the characteristics of the most important cycle processes (Carnot, Joule, Rankine, Otto, Diesel, ...).
- evaluate heat engines and other machines for energy transformation using the results for work and heat of iso- and cycle processes.
- evaluate heat engines and other machines for energy transformation using thermodynamic diagrams (TV, pV, Ts, hs, ph, etc.) or steam tables.
- determine irreversible entropy production and the corresponding loss of exergy by balance equations and discriminate between reversible and irreversible processes.
- evaluate simple processes using exergy flow balances.

The lecture is divided into five chapters:
1) Thermodynamic state. State diagrams and state changes. Thermal and caloric equations of state and material properties of ideal and non-ideal gases, incompressible liquids and solids a well as gas-liquid-solid systems of pure substances (steam tables). Mass and energy balances for phase change.
2) State (point) and process (path) variables. Work and heat of reversible iso-processes. Thermodynamic efficiency of reversible cycle processes (Carnot, Joule, ..).
3) Conservation laws for mass momentum and energy in general integral formulation; simple forms for closed and steady open systems derived therefrom. Manifestations of work. First Law of Thermodynamics.
4) Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics, TS diagrams, Gibbs' equation, entropy production of irreversible processes, Guoy-Stodola theorem. Maximization of entropy in thermodynamic equilibriation. Thermodynamic potentials. Statistical interpretation of entropy.
5) Exergy balances and irreversible processes. Polytropic state change. Van der Waals gas, Clausius-Clapeyron.

Mathematics (analysis, vector analysis, divergence theorem, ordinary differential equations)
Mechanics (force, work, kinetic and potential energy)
Physics of heat (temperature, heat capacity, ...)
Basic Matlab

Adapting the "inverted classroom" approach to teaching, the concepts and methods of thermodynamics are introduced in online available, bespoken and annotated slide casts. In the lecture, these concepts are further discussed based on interactive questions in the Pingo format. In order to deepen the knowledge, a tutorial session is demonstrating the application of the concepts and methods. In small group tutorials, students apply the concepts to solve problems on their own and questions of the students are answered. In addition, students are encouraged to hand in the weekly solved problems for an individual correction. E-tests on the Moodle plattform are completing the module.

Written exam (90 min). Permitted resources are the official formula collection with hand-written annotations and a non-programmable calculator. The students solve problems that are based on examples and problems presented in the lecture, the tutorial and e-tests. In the first problem set, the knowledge of fundamentals, methods and concepts of technical thermodynamics is tested with short questions. The subsequent problem sets are design calculations which are structured by subtasks in order to assess the students problem-solving skills.

Baehr, H.D., 2012. Thermodynamik: Grundlagen und technische Anwendungen, Auflage: 15. Aufl. 2012. ed. Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg.
Cengel, Y.A., Boles, M.A., 2001. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 4th edition. ed. Mcgraw-Hill College, Boston.
Müller, I., Müller, W.H., 2009. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Applications: With Historical Annotations and Many Citations from Avogadro to Zermelo, Auflage: 2009. ed. Springer, Berlin.
Weigand, B., 1000. Thermodynamik Kompakt (Springer-Lehrbuch) (German Edition) von Weigand, Bernhard (2013) Taschenbuch, Auflage: 3., aktual. Aufl. 2013. ed. Springer Vieweg.